Jaba Sharma

Earth's outer surface is made up of approximately 20 tectonic plates, which are massive sections of Earth's crust that fit together roughly and meet plate boundaries.

Plate boundaries are significant because earthquakes and volcanoes are frequently linked to them. When the tectonic plates of the Earth collide, enormous amounts of energy can be released as earthquakes.

Because magma, or molten rock, from deep under the Earth can move upward at these plate intersections, volcanoes are typically found close to plate boundaries. There are numerous types of plate boundaries.

For instance, portions of Earth's crust can slide past one another, come together and smash (convergent plate border), or spread apart (divergent plate boundary). Different geological features are connected to each of these types of plate boundaries.

The denser oceanic plate sinks beneath the less dense plate when the oceanic and continental crust collides. In oceanic trenches, the process known as subduction takes place.

A volcano rises above the water's surface to form an island volcano after building up on the ocean floor for millions of years. Typically, these volcanoes are arranged in groups known as island arcs.

The Marianas and the Aleutian Islands are examples of island arcs, and the trenches hold the key to understanding how they formed and why they frequently experience powerful earthquakes.

The descending plate or the underlying oceanic lithosphere can partially melt to produce the magmas that form island arcs. As the two plates interact and frequently produce moderate to strong earthquakes, the descending plate serves as another source of stress.

Arctic moss, or Calliergon giganteum, is an incredible aquatic plant species that thrive in a harsh cold environment with low nutrient levels, little sunlight, and thick layers of snow.

Arctic moss grows at the bottom of lakes and streams, almost completely covering the riverbed. These tough plants have small leaves, non-woody stems, and no root system.

Arctic moss comes in two varieties, one of which is an aquatic plant found in and around bogs, fens, and lake bottoms in the tundra. It has a lengthy lifespan; the shoots live for seven to nine years, and the leaves live for four years.

It stores nutrients when it isn't growing so that new leaves can be produced swiftly when spring re-arrives. It grows close to the ground to avoid harsh winds and freezing cold; hence it has adapted to extremely high winds.

Because it can grow underwater, it is protected from the drying winds and cold air of the frozen tundra. They need unique adaptations to survive in extreme conditions and at low temperatures.